American West Photographer Timothy O'Sullivan

Famous photographer Timothy O'Sullivan whose childhood and background are the subject of debate among photographic scholar was of Irish ancestry. It is known that as a teenager he worked in the studio of the legendary 19th century photographer Mathew Brady, who is seen as the father of photo-journalism. A veteran of the American Civil War in its first year, O'Sullivan turned his hand to photographing the horrors of war in during the final three years of the conflict before setting out on his cross-continental expeditions.

Timothy O'Sullivan, who used a box camera, worked with the Government teams as they explored the land. He had earlier covered the U.S. Civil War and was one of the most famous photographers of the 19th century.

He also took pictures of the Native American population for the first time as a team of artists, photographers, scientists and soldiers explored the land in the 1860s and 1870s.

The images of the landscape were remarkable - because the majority of people at the time would not have known they were there or have ever had a chance to see it for themselves.

O'Sullivan died from tuberculosis at the age of 42 in 1882 - just years after the project had finished .

He carted a dark room wagon around the Wild West on horseback so that he could develop his images. He spent seven years exploring the landscape and thousands of pictures have survived from his travels.

Gayle Pace of Book Review, Etc. Gives Yankee Gold Four Stars!

The author wrote a historical learning book about a territory that strove to become a state. It tells how some of the people in New Mexico resisted statehood. They did want all the good things that went with it though. During this time the Civil War made the mining of  precious ores difficult. 

When the character Steve Elkins came into the picture, martial law was in effect. The Army was being paid to protect private mining and was doing a little mining themselves. Elkins came to New Mexico to write contracts for several mines where the Army had agreements with investors. 

The author is telling a story that no one else has tried to tell. Ms Rogers put in twenty years of research for the book. To me, this is the desire to write a factual book, a desire to do the best you can at what you do. This is dedication. She wrote from a male point of view which must have been difficult to begin with. You would have to get the feel of how a man saw things, which most often is very different from a woman's view.I recommend this book to History lovers or anyone  who is interested in Mexico, the Civil War or just a darn good read.

At the end of the novel, the author puts in an article which gives evidence that Steve Elkins was a  Civil War Spy.

I give this book 4 Stars

OVERVIEW (FROM AMAZON)

Passion, power, politics--intrigue on the frontier.

A young attorney with a secret leaves the Missouri Civil War for the southwestern territories and is threatened by a bitter rivalry. At stake are the fortunes of land grant settlement and the destiny of New Mexico.

An abolitionist in a slave state, Steve Elkins’ principle puts him at odds with local authority and general practice. Steve’s vision of what a territory must be to attain statehood sets a pattern for his personal goals. Patience, diplomacy, and skillful use of his legal expertise guide him. As the war ends, party identities re-form and tensions increase. Steve faces vicious attacks in his aggressive moves against slavery, robbery, assassination, murder, and cattle rustling. When he's faced with a personal crisis and a crucial election at once, can he strike a bargain with his wife, Sallie and his best friend, Tom? He struggles for a private life while the exertions of his public role erode his quest to achieve a business environment for New Mexico.

Can Steve Elkins survive the clash between his allies for a railroad; and the traditional fears, loyalties, and envy of native Mexicans?

Timothy O'Sullivan's Pictures Show the Landscape As It Was Charted for the Very First Time

These remarkable 19th century sepia-tinted pictures show the American West as you have never seen it before - as it was charted for the first time.

The photos, by Timothy O'Sullivan, are the first ever taken of the rocky and barren landscape.

At the time federal government officials were travelling across Arizona, Nevada, Utah and the rest of the west as they sought to uncover the land's untapped natural resources.

19th century housing: Members of Clarence King's Fortieth Parallel Survey team explore the land near Oreana, Nevada, in 1867. Clarence King was a 25-year-old Yale graduate, who hired Irish tough guy O'Sullivan for his Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Funded by the War Department, the plan was to survey the unexplored territory that lay between the California Sierras and the Rockies, with a view toward finding a good place to lay railroad tracks while also looking for mining possibilities and assessing the level of Indian hostility in the area.

Incredible: Tents can be seen (bottom, centre) at a point known as Camp Beauty close to canyon walls in Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Arizona. Photographed in 1873 and situated in northeastern Arizona, the area is one of the longest continuously inhabited landscapes in North American and holds preserved ruins of early indigenous people's such as The Anasazi and Navajo.

On this rock I build a church: Old Mission Church, Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico pictured in 1873 where the Zuni people of North have lived for millennia. O'Sullivan was famous for not trying to romanticise the native American plight or way of life in his photographs and instead of asking them to wear tribal dress was happy to photograph them wearing denim jeans.

Land rising from the water: The Pyramid and Domes, a line of dome-shaped tufa rocks in Pyramid Lake, Nevada photographed in 1867. Taken as part of Clarence King's Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel, O'Sullivan's mesmerising pictures of the other-wordly rock formations at Pyramid Lake committed the sacred native American Indian site to camera for the first time

Sangre De Christo

Rich in history, religion, culture, and bio-diversity, the area preserves a special place in our nation's history where the villages and lifestyles of some of America's earliest Spanish settlements still exist alongside newer railroad communities.

Sangre De Christo [sic] Range from Bull Hill

Carlos Beaubien

When the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant was awarded in 1843, the vast tract extended along the flanks of the Sangre de Cristo Range, from an area north of contemporary Questa, New Mexico into the San Luis Valley of southern Colorado. Encompassing Ute Territory the grant included mountains, watersheds, and an array of wildlife. Like the Quebecois manorial class from which he descended, Carlos Beaubien (the subrosa owner of the grant) controlled all aspects of development on his inland estate. After an unauthorized colony attempted to inhabit the land grant the group was forcefully evicted by Beaubien's men. Preferring to lay claim to this vast landscape on his terms, Beaubien recruited pobladores (settlers) from the Taos Valley, handpicked leaders, and authorized French and German merchants to establish trading posts.

Just after the onset of the American Period, Taosenos moved in two surges into lateral watersheds on the grant; first at the Rio Costilla late in the 1840s and on the Rio Culebra in 1853. Initially plazas in the Rio Costilla and Rio Culebra were similar despite being situated eighteen miles apart. Though separated by distance los primeros pobladores (first settlers) in both communities were interrelated by kinship, culture, and religion. In 1861, the grant was severed when Congress appropriated part of New Mexico to create the Territory of Colorado. Two years after annexation, Beaubien authored a covenant granting an easement to pobladores to use the surrounding uplands to graze and gather wood, designated a community commons near villages, and deeded varas, or long lots, extending from rivers to foothills. 

Subsequent to Beaubien's death, his heirs sold the grant to William Gilpin, the first Territorial Governor of Colorado. In accordance with Beaubien's wishes the sale required Gilpin to acknowledge the pobladores' private property and communal rights. Disingenuous from the onset, Gilpin circumvented the terms of the agreement.

Author's Journal: Drafting Your Story

Exactly when you decide to venture a draft of your story no one can predict. Some people start at the end and work backwards. Others take the more traditional path and determine a beginning. It’s best to know your ending before you start. I knew my story was a ten year account of my character’s early career as an attorney. My story was about how such a young attorney became a congressman in such a short time.  It took a while for me to see how he made his living and acquired wealth. Almost immediately after arriving in NM he became the territory’s most successful lawyer. He had an engaging personality, was better and more recently educated. He learned the Spanish language so quickly most people were amazed. His most important asset, aside from these, was his mentors, men whose advice he sought and followed judiciously. He made friends easily and helped others who cooperated with him, partnering with several on various projects.

I wrote many drafts of my story. I can only laugh at the early attempts now. I had very little to follow since most stories of the West of this period are of the Indian wars and personal accounts of “gunslingers” and outlaws.

The greatest difficulty I had in writing my book was in merging all of the information I’d gathered. I finally hung chronologies of my central character’s personal life, the progress of the Maxwell Grant, progress of the Sangre de Cristo, the major political events of the Republican Party, the advance of the Maxwell Grant’s survey, the conflict between my character and each of his adversaries (Chaves’ surrogates), and a chain of events related to NM’s land grants on the wall. I then used cards to form a storyboard of scenes. Through these I established a draft that provided a reasonable continuum until I could begin to reduce the mass to the pattern of fiction. You may start with an outline, most writers do. My goal was perhaps too ambitious and thereby too complex, but it represents what I wanted to know.

Blackmore Collection

Studio portrait of a Native North American sitting on a chair, wearing ear ornaments, a peace medal(?), a cloth tunic, an embroidered sash, a blanket around his waist, and holding a hat.

Henry Connelly Governor of the New Mexico Territory

Henry Connelly (1800–1866) was Governor of the New Mexico Territory during the American Civil War. He was appointed by President Lincoln and served from September 4, 1861 until July 6, 1866. During his term, the territory broke into two, and then three parts due to the Civil War and administrative problems.

  
Early years

Connelly was born in Spencer County, Kentucky. In 1828, he received a medical degree from Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky. He practiced medicine and ran a store in Liberty, Missouri from 1820 until 1824, when he traveled the Santa Fe Trail from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico with other merchants. During and following these years of travel and trading, he no longer practiced medicine, except in the case of an emergency. In 1828 he moved to Chihuahua, Mexico where he lived until 1848, continuing to make business journeys to Missouri and New Orleans. He married a Mexican woman there in 1838, with whom he had three children. Sometime in the 1840s he moved to Peralta about 17 miles south of the town of Albuquerque, New Mexico. Connelly participated in negotiations between governor Manuel Armijo and James W. Magoffin in Santa Fe, prior to Kearny's 1846 bloodless Capture of Santa Fe during the Mexican-American War.

New Mexico military rule

In 1849, after the death of his first wife, Connelly married Delores Perea. Perea was the widow of Don Mariano Chaves, one of the governors of New Mexico while it was under the rule of Mexico. She was also the mother of Don Mariano's son, José Francisco Chaves,who served three terms in the United States House of Representatives as Delegate from the New Mexico Territory, 1865 to 1871.

By 1850, although there were strongly opposed political factions in New Mexico, most were united in opposing the military government. The governor, Col. John Munroe, convened a constitutional assembly in May, which ratified a state constitution by 6,771 votes to 39.The constitution was adopted on 20 June 1850, and state officers were elected.[4] Henry Connelly, who was absent from the territory at the time, was elected Governor and Manuel Alvarez Lieutenant-governor. However, Colonel Munroe forbade the assumption of civil power by the elected officials. On 9 September 1850 the U.S. Senate passed a compromise bill that included an act to organize a government for New Mexico as a territory, and this overrode the state legislature.

New Mexico state

Connelly was an associate in the incorporation of the New Mexican Railway Company in support for construction of a transcontinental railroad via the southern route through New Mexico in 1860. He was a main force behind the repeal of the New Mexico Slave Act in 1861. He was governor of New Mexico during the Civil War and General Sibley's New Mexico Campaign. During the Battle of Valverde, he was at Fort Craig, then moved the territorial capital from Santa Fe to Las Vegas, New Mexico prior to the Confederate occupation of Santa Fe.Connelly was in ill health during a large part of his administration. He was absent from office due to illness for about a half year between the fall 1862 and the spring of 1863, during which Secretary William F.M. Arny acted as Governor. He died of an opium overdose on Aug 12, 1866 in Santa Fe after leaving office, July 16, 1866

 

Author's Journal: Organizing Your Research

I recommend a three or four pronged attack on research organization. Yours may vary from mine somewhat because I save none of my research on the computer. You will need to keep many files: chronology files, character files, setting files, procedure files, cultural practices files, and many others. I have four filing drawers in two cabinets beside my desk. The rest of my files are in crates – four of them, in fact. Those eight file “drawers” represent one story. Two of those drawers are devoted to the operation of my computers and my printer, my professional contacts, and my writers’ organizations. I also keep some files on my submissions in these.

I also have two sets of book shelves and I use sticky notes to indicate pages containing important information – which I label. My books fall into two primary categories: books related to my story and those on technique.

Aside from all this, I have two large boxes which contain copies of old newspapers of my period and place. I use sticky notes on these as well since my story is a political and business story which progresses chronologically. I label these by topic and date and fasten them together in six month periods. They represent the 10 years of my story. They all come from microfilm I’ve had to copy. I can thank these papers for knowing the comings and goings of nearly all of the primary characters of my story.

Raven Reviews Interviews Beth Rogers Regarding YANKEE GOLD

Elizabeth Rogers wrote the book, Yankee Gold, a historical fiction novel focusing on the Civil War.  I became infatuated with the Civil War somewhere between Harriet Tubman and Gone With the Wind.  This book has such a different perspective on the Civil War, I had to stop Beth Rogers and talk to her about it. The interview below captures some key questions I thought you might also be interested in:

1. How did you choose the title?

The fact that the Union mined for gold and silver during the Civil War and for at least two years afterward is the motivation for my protagonist to go to New Mexico.

2. A novel doesn’t usually reveal the true names of characters. Why have you identified your protagonist and named him a Civil War spy?

Because Steve Elkins never admitted he served either side in the Civil War. The story begins in New Mexico a little over a year before the war ended. Little has been told of this important era in New Mexico. Around four thousand Texas Confederates invaded New Mexico in 1861. They were met by four thousand New Mexican and Colorado Volunteers in the winter of 1861-1862. The Confederates were defeated and forced out of New Mexico by the summer of 1862. The fight was for the southwestern gold fields. Once Elkins arrived in New Mexico at the end of 1863 he became the leading attorney in the territory. He was so controversial that someone had to tackle why his story has been avoided. His personal history as a spy, the Union’s role in gold mining with private investors, and the government’s tolerance of Indian debt slavery were all issues the government preferred the public wouldn’t know.

3. How much of the story is true?

The events of the story are true. I placed them on time lines and eventually merged the time lines. My character, Elkins, served in the official capacities portrayed. I had to jump to several conclusions in the story, but the facts which followed made those conclusions reasonable. Naturally, when dialogue can’t be verified, the story must be labeled a novel. I can’t know that closely what these people thought or their entire motivations.

4. How did you get interested in this story?

My family came to West Virginia where Steve Elkins made his home in his later years. We were complete strangers and we settled in the town named for him. My father was born in Cuba of American parents and Cuba was his home until he left college. He was curious about Elkins’ mysterious New Mexico past and encouraged my research of it.

5. How long did it take for you to write Yankee Gold?

The research took twenty years. I taught myself to write at the same time I chased down the story. It went through countless drafts. In the beginning I wrote one other book, a murder mystery, which took nine months. I also wrote a monograph for the New Mexico Historical Review on Elkins as president of New Mexico’s first bank early in my research.

6. What did you find most interesting in your character?

Steve Elkins was first and foremost an abolitionist. He was a Republican, but clearly had the backbone to act independently and follow his own conscience. It was interesting to see how this worked out in the story.

7. Was it difficult to write from a male point of view?

At first it was. That’s why I wrote another book in nine months from a female POV first. However, when I saw how the events of Yankee Gold reflected such a male-oriented society, the story became far easier to portray.

8. When did you decide to become an author?

It was when I was somewhere between eight and ten years old. My father and I speculated on this story often, given the few facts we could obtain. Almost immediately solving the questions which arose became an obsession for me.

9. How did you research the novel?

I first looked for every possible bit of evidence of what Elkins did during the Civil War in Missouri. I traveled to New Mexico and stayed with a relative.  I arranged to meet with several experts on this period of New Mexico’s history. I followed their advice and branched out into the various issues of Elkins’ career in this decade. I copied microfilm on the Bosque Redondo and the official records of the War of the Rebellion. I copied the records of Elkins’ service as

U. S. Attorney. I finally copied the Santa Fe newspapers for the entire decade. I bought all the books possible on the period and compared the material against the newspaper accounts. I found the first scene in a diary account of the daughter of the man who was Elkins’ mentor. That wasn’t until 2003. Information available from the internet grew enormously during the period I researched the story. The research was intensive and bore a lot of fruit.  

MORE ABOUT BETH…
Beth Rogers was born in New York City and lived in West Virginia for over twenty years. Her career includes writing at Living magazine in New York, teaching in Virginia and West Virginia, selling and brokering real estate in North Carolina, and as a federal clerk and courtroom deputy in Richmond, Virginia. She has been published in the New Mexico Historical Review. She is a member of the Virginia Historical Society and is active in several Virginia writers’ clubs.

Click here for more about Yankee Gold.

William F. M. Arny: Secretary of New Mexico Territory, 1862-1867

In this rich portrait, made in a Washington studio, Arny characteristically wears an Indian blanket over his suit.

Arny was one of the best of the Indian agents. A friend of Lincoln, he was appointed to succeed Kit Carson as agent to the Utes and Jacarilla Apaches in 1860. He famously attended an 1861 reception at the White House dressed as a Mountain Man, and pleaded the cause of his charges. In 1862 he was appointed Territorial Secretary for New Mexico, and he served in various capacities until 1875.

The Territorial Secretary was the 3rd most powerful official in NM. The congressman would be first and the governor second. 

The Territorial Secretary served as governor when the governor was out of the territory. He also presided over the legislature. The legislature was predominantly Republican as was Arny and Elkins. It served NM to be Republican during the war because their agriculture and stock fed the 6 or seven forts within their boundaries. Fort Union, in addition to its soldiers, employed maybe 2000 civilians. 

Governor Connnelly (the first governor of the territory in Yankee Gold) and Governor Mitchell were both absent from the territory several times when Secretary Arny served as governor. Elkins takes advantage of that fact when he challenges Mitchell for removing him from office after an absence.

Author's Journal: Online Resources

There are reliable and documentable sources on the web, if you are willing to purchase them. I can’t speak personally for these because I have been fortunate to live in a major city, a capital city of a state with excellent historical resources available locally.

Microsoft Encarta Reference Library XP 2003 appears to have received a four star rating. Its current price is about $98. It is an online encyclopedia.

The Questia website is designed to help students write research papers. Its promotion page states that “it will help you create professor-approved citations and bibliographies.” You can save highlights, notes, and bookmarks. Its layout provides convenient project organization folders. It boasts six million books and articles, 70,000 full text online books, and 1700 reliable sources. The site offers a free tour and a free one-day trial. I didn’t investigate the pricing of its service.

Lastly, there is a way to use the resources of the Library of Congress online. I haven’t done this myself because I have made several trips to Washington to use the Library of Congress which requires you to get a pass. Naturally, books can’t be checked out there, so you must be prepared to copy your materials, which can be costly. The use of their online resources would be advisable. When all else fails, I would say they are the library of the last resort.

I should also add that the New York Public Library can help you find the source for almost any missing fact or event. Their phone number is: 912-275-6975.

The next two posts on this topic deal with organization of your sources, an extremely important part of your research. As your topic broadens you will have to arrange your work so that you can find materials which fit the circumstances of your plot and characters, your setting, the events peculiar to your time period, and the issues involved. Different time periods will demand a variety of source material.

Thomas B. Catron

Yankee Gold is a myth buster, tearing down the theory of the Santa Fe Ring as a conspiracy to steal land grants & resell them at inflated prices. After Elkins left NM he left his law partner, Tom Catron in charge. However, Catron did not control the bank, although he borrowed from it when he could - and liberally.

Catron knew the most about land grants and was a canny lawyer in court. The law partnership was shared with Elkins' other best friend whom he recruited from Missouri, Henry Waldo. Waldo, at Elkins' recommendation, became Supreme Court Chief Justice in 1878 (I believe.) Waldo was a Democrat and Elkins and Catron Republicans. Elkins was the only one who had served the Union.

Tom Catron's biography by William Keleher (written 1942) has several interesting references:

On page 135 a chapter begins about Tom's marriage.  A letter from 1867 came from Sallie Elkins to Tom at that time. Tom apparently had sent her a letter asking if she approved of a woman named "Bettie". Her answer was " . . . . to prevent you from taking any hasty steps in this matter, I have not received a line from her, have you, if so & you think courtesy demands an answer, be very careful, write a formal letter do not intimate your feelings - do not commit yourself. I know Mr. Catron that you are honest and conscientious & I would not willingly have your affections trifled with. Bettie, I know to be a heartless coquette - perfectly heartless, & for the friendship existing between you and Steve and that I feel for you myself I warn you to beware." A few lines later she says, " . . . . I know more than you probably think I do."

Catron didn't marry until he was 37. In 1867, when the letter was sent, he was 27 years old and Steve and Sallie had been married only one year. The letter is practically the only personal letter found in his papers for that period of years.

On page 137 Keleher mentions a dinner party held in Washington by the Elkins' when Tom Catron was in the city. (This was during the period that Elkins served in the Senate from WV. It provides an insight into Catron's naivete relative to social graces. Mrs. Elkins invited Catron to the dinner and answered his inquiry as to what to wear, telling him to come 'just as you like.' He did and found himself the only man in street clothes (not pressed and a boiled shirt) instead of a dress suit. (By the way, Catron's wife, Julia, spent most of their married years in Europe 'seeing to their son's education.' Catron apparently accepted the arrangement w/o complaining.

José Francisco Chaves

José Francisco Chaves, one of the most eminent New Mexicans of his time, became a powerful political personality in his county and an acknowledged leader of the Republican Party.

In 1859 while Chaves was serving as a soldier in a military expedition against the Navajos, he was elected to the territorial legislative assembly, but was able to serve for only part of the term. In 1861 at the onset of the Civil War, Chaves received a presidential commission with the rank of major. He served in the First New Mexico Infantry and later was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel for "gallant and meritorious service."

After Chaves was honorably discharged from military service in 1865, he took up the study of law and was admitted to the bar. That same year he also was elected Territorial Delegate to Congress, defeating his first cousin, Francisco Perea. In 1867 Chaves contested the election of C.P. Clever as U.S. Delegate to Congress. The House Committee on Elections found the election had been fraudulent and seated Chaves.

On March 3, 1871 Chaves delivered a passionate speech on the New Mexico Enabling Act, which would grant statehood to New Mexico. He argued that a territorial government was incompatible with the principles of a republican system. Despite his impassioned plea, however, the bill did not pass the House.

Chaves used the floor of the House to argue in favor of the Indian appropriation bill, which would compensate New Mexicans for damages caused by Indians. He argued that according to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the people of New Mexico possessed certain rights equal to, if not superior to, those of Indians, and when Indians committed depredations upon the non-Indian citizens of New Mexico, reimbursement for those depredations should be made by the Federal Government.

He was defeated in his effort to be reelected to a fourth term in Congress, but he continued his involvement in New Mexico's politics. He served as district attorney for the Second Judicial District for two years. In 1875 he was elected to the New Mexico Territorial Legislative Council and was reelected to every succeeding legislature until his death. He was appointed superintendent of Public Instruction in 1901, and also was named New Mexico Historian in 1903. On November 26, 1904 Chaves was assassinated at Pinos Wells, New Mexico; his assassin was never found.

U. S. Civil War Debt 8

Charles Beaubien

In 1864 the most successful of the northern Mexico trappers and traders was Charles Beaubien, or Carlos as he was known after leaving Illinois for the far west. Beaubien had been a great friend of former Mexican provincial governor, Manuel Armijo. He had several children and would leave a land grant of substantial size to his heirs. Governor Armijo, under Mexican rule, had broad powers over his province and one of them was to grant large tracts of land to productive and influential people. The land was usually given to each man to induce settlement. Some few land grants of the province were given to communities who had emigrated from southern Mexico provinces. A few were granted to peaceful Pueblo Indians. Armijo was replaced by the American governor, Charles Bent, after the Mexican War. But meanwhile, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo insured these early land barons that they could keep their enormous grants. The treaty had been made between Armijo and James McGoffin, a Missouri merchant.

During the early Civil War years Governor William Gilpin of Colorado arranged with Carlos Beaubien to purchase one of his two huge land grants in the southern Colorado Arkansas Valley area. That land grant was known as the Sangre de Cristo. It encompassed a mountainous area in the Sangre de Cristo mountain chain. The other land grant in Beaubien’s possession was in north-eastern New Mexico, very close to the Sangre de Cristo. It was known as the Beaubien Miranda Grant. Beaubien, with Armijo’s secretary, Guadalupe Miranda, were in possession of it, but Miranda had conceded or sold out his interest before Beaubien died. Neither of these grants had been surveyed and “registered” in the manner of American legal ownership. They were simply so vast that the undertaking was deemed too difficult and expensive. However, in 1860 the Beaubien-Miranda, and a few other large grants (usually 250,000 to 500,000 acres) were recognized by Congress as properly owned by these men.